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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">如何学英语？</h1>
        

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        <h1 id="信心来源于理性"><a href="#信心来源于理性" class="headerlink" title="信心来源于理性"></a>信心来源于理性</h1><p>像学自己的母语一样可以学会的，只要不断坚持。很多人学得好的仅仅是身边人学会了，<em>他也行</em> 的启示。</p>
<ul>
<li>大脑是可塑的；</li>
<li>并且它自始至终都是可塑的；</li>
<li>甚至它还会重新组织自己（Reorganizing），通过恰当的训练，它能用另外一个区域习得已被毁坏区域的能力……<a id="more"></a>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>如下面这个小女孩，他受伤的右臂，就是要限制他的左臂。英语也是，如果你要学习这个，首先要限制一下自己的母语，这样你学起来更快，否则大脑会走”捷径”。 <img src="/images/figure05.png" alt="小女孩"></p>
</blockquote>
<p>为什么成年后学习第二语言显得更为困难？ 成年之后，第二语言学习显得更为困难的原因并不在于关键期论所说的”此后大脑不再可塑”，而实际上在于这是第二语言所使用的脑图要与已经形成强大势力的母语脑图竞争—-当然越来越难.然而，恰恰是这样的认识给了人们希望。目前，有很多教育学家开始提倡”浸泡式学习”，有一定的依据，也有相当的效果。所谓”浸泡式学习”，就是在特定的时间、特定的环境里，强迫学生只使用第二语言，禁止使用母语，进而刺激大脑加速构建新的脑图。风靡全球的罗赛塔石碑语言学习软体（<a href="http://www.rosettastone.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rosetta Stone</a>）就是基于这个原理开发出来的。</p>
<ul>
<li>什么时候开始学都不晚；</li>
<li>只要方法得当，并加以时日，一定能学好。</li>
<li>甚至，第二语言也可能超越母语成为主导语言。</li>
</ul>
<p>罗伯特•莫顿教授发现了这个现象，为这类现象取了个名字叫做”自证预言”（Self-fulfilling prophecy）。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>当人们相信某件事情会发生（事实上那件事情原本并不见得一定会发生），那么此事最终真的会发生。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>而莫顿教授用银行挤兑的例子说明自证预言的作用机理：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>一家银行本来运作得好好的，但不知怎么就开始有谣言说这家银行要倒闭了。流言越穿越广，越来越多的人开始信以为真，开始有人跑到银行把自己的存款提走；进而恐慌开始蔓延，并且变得真实，更多的人冲进银行提走自己的存款……最终，挤兑发生了，银行真的倒闭了。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>很多人宁愿”学一辈子”，却坚持”一辈子不用”的原因就在于害怕犯错。儿时犯错往往招致惩罚，成年之后，就算没有来自他人的惩罚，还有因为犯错而导致自己自卑和尴尬，所以，很多人是”不惜一切代价”避免出错的。然而， <strong>要知道知识的习得过程离不开试错，没有试错，就不可能有全面而真实的进步</strong> 。</p>
<p>潜移默化的教育最有效。当你看到身边的人做成功了，对你启发就大了。反过来，如果要影响身边的人，首先自己去开始做。</p>
<p>我们应该做的是，用最快的速度完成对”马拉松”的适应，而后哪怕每天”马拉松”也不觉得异常，甚至应该早忘记当初的痛苦，而去专注于语言的主要功用：用英语获取信息，用英语交流……反正，用就是了。（海量阅读）</p>
<hr>
<h1 id="口语"><a href="#口语" class="headerlink" title="口语"></a>口语</h1><h2 id="你的问题也许不在于你不会说，而在于你没什么话可说。"><a href="#你的问题也许不在于你不会说，而在于你没什么话可说。" class="headerlink" title="你的问题也许不在于你不会说，而在于你没什么话可说。"></a>你的问题也许不在于你不会说，而在于你没什么话可说。</h2><p>如果遇到你要说的场合，提前”预演”，准本自己需要说什么。如此这般之后，到了现场，基本上能够做到”自如”应对。 在相当长一段时间里，我以为自己”发现”了一条真正的捷径，后来才发现”我并不孤独”。在国内，卖得最好的口语教材，实际上是北京外国语大学的专业教材，作者是北外教授吴桢福老师：一共三本，《英语初级口语》、《英语中级口语》、《英语高级口语》，多年来多次再版，印数均超过100万本。如果读者有机会，不妨去书店翻翻这套教材──你会发现其中的大多数课文话题，实际上也许都是从TOEFL作文题脱胎而来的。</p>
<h2 id="制作自己的口语书"><a href="#制作自己的口语书" class="headerlink" title="制作自己的口语书"></a>制作自己的口语书</h2><p>准备一个笔记本，随身携带。每天花十分钟到半个小时，把自己想要表达的内容用中文记录下来。坚持一段时间之后，每天再多花点时间把那些你要说的话用英文表达出来，并记录下来。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>实际上你必须表达的话并不多…… 这些内容中的绝大多数其实你完全有能力用英文表达（最多查查词典就可以了）。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="一定要用本子记录"><a href="#一定要用本子记录" class="headerlink" title="一定要用本子记录"></a>一定要用本子记录</h3><p>找个本子把自己要说的话记录下来，不仅仅是为了将来翻译成英文。记录下来有很多好处，起码，可以让自己重新审视一下自己所说过的话，避免自己的表达实际上是思维混乱的产物。</p>
<h3 id="根本不知道该如何用英文说怎么办-记录下来，以后”某个时候”会有答案"><a href="#根本不知道该如何用英文说怎么办-记录下来，以后”某个时候”会有答案" class="headerlink" title="根本不知道该如何用英文说怎么办,记录下来，以后”某个时候”会有答案"></a>根本不知道该如何用英文说怎么办,记录下来，以后”某个时候”会有答案</h3><h3 id="学会”换一种说法”"><a href="#学会”换一种说法”" class="headerlink" title="学会”换一种说法”"></a>学会”换一种说法”</h3><p>例如:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Whoever is a girl does not want to be loved, and whoever is a boy does not want to be royal to his lover.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>所以，”父母们之所以选择男女分校，很可能的原因之一是因为他们害怕自己的孩子早恋。”这句话，我愣是用英文说不出来。但，我还是先把这句话中能说明白的部分记在本子上：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>One of the reasons why many parents want to send their children to separate school is that they are worried about 早恋.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>大概几个星期之后，有一天我在读一篇文章，读到一个词，”undernutrition”（营养不良），脑子里闪过的念头是这个词头”under”究竟都有哪些意思呢？于是动手去查词典。哦，它基本上有两个意思：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在……之下，比如underground； ……不足、不良，比如，undernutrition，比如underage drinking……</p>
</blockquote>
<p>读到”underage drinking”（未成年人饮酒）的那一瞬间，我突然想到，实际上，我可以不用”早恋”这个词就能把我要说的说明白。其实，中国的父母害怕的并不是所谓的”早恋”，如若一切发生在思维之中，他们很可能其实是并不关心的，就算因”早恋”发生了行动，拉拉手、亲亲嘴，他们也很可能不会太过紧张；然而，他们真的害怕自己的孩子发生”underage sexual behaviors”……</p>
<p>One of the reasons why many parents want to send their children to separate school is that they are worried about possible underage sexual behaviors.</p>
<h3 id="使用平实的、朴素的、没有修辞的中文"><a href="#使用平实的、朴素的、没有修辞的中文" class="headerlink" title="使用平实的、朴素的、没有修辞的中文"></a>使用平实的、朴素的、没有修辞的中文</h3><p>我说主张的口语习得方法不过是”把自己想说的先写下来，然后不断练、不断改”而已。绝大多数最终拥有良好写作能力的人基本上都是靠自己，多读、多写、多改、多练、多观察、多思考、多讨论、多积累……而这些要多做的事情中几乎没有哪一样是哪一个老师能在其中起主导作用的，几乎全都是（只能）靠自己。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>自己给自己改作文 帮别人改作文</p>
</blockquote>
<p>自己给自己批改作文，有个很重要的诀窍：不要写完马上改，而是隔天再修改。你当时那么写（即便是错的）就是因为你认为那么写是对的。这种惯性在刚写完的时候最大，表现最强。所以，写完之后马上修改很可能事倍功半。隔一天就不一样了，很多错误在你眼里几乎是跳出来的，并伴随着惊讶”哎呀！我怎么会犯这种低级错误呢？！”相信我，这其实就是你真正进步的痕迹──因为产生深刻记忆的最有效手段无非两种：重复、惊讶。帮别人改作文是提高自己能力的最快手段之一。也许你会说，”我自己都不会呢，哪儿有能力帮别人改啊？”这不是问题，你试试就知道了，挑错比写文章容易多了，尤其是别人的错，更容易被你找出来。有趣的现象在于，批改者往往比被批改者收获更多。</p>
<h1 id="更重要的是思考能力"><a href="#更重要的是思考能力" class="headerlink" title="更重要的是思考能力"></a>更重要的是思考能力</h1><p>语言最终是用来表达思想的。所以，思考方式格外重要。大多数人不懂得如何正确思考，乃至于所要表达的东西漏洞百出却又不自知。这个问题导致的更多麻烦，很多的时候被一些英语老师归咎于”东西方文化差异”，这是和稀泥的一种说法—-事实上，这跟文化没多大关系，而是思考能力问题。关于文化差异，首先需要的是尊重，其次需要的是理解。而思考能力差异，则是另外一回事，所表达的内容千疮百孔，无论如何都只能怪思考能力差，而与文化差异毫无关系。</p>
<p>不能”只学英语”，这就好像用计算机绘图，只学”Photoshop”是不够的，要有足够的色彩、手绘基本训练，才能够自由创作一样。有几本书，建议所有想获得正确思考能力，进而表达清晰的人阅读。</p>
<ul>
<li>Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking 4th edition, by Diane F. Halpern</li>
<li>Thinking and Deciding, 4th edition, by Jonathan Baron</li>
<li>Argumentation: The Study of Effective Reasoning by Zarefsky David (Audiobook)</li>
<li>Craft of Research, by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams</li>
<li><p>Good Reasoning Matters!: A Constructive Approach to Critical Thinking 3rd edition, by Leo A. Groarke, Christopher W. Tindale 另外，还有三本关于文风（Style）的书籍也一定要看：</p>
</li>
<li><p>A Plain English Handbook (1998), from Security and Exchange Commission, Prefaced by Warren E. Buffett (<a href="http://www.plainlanguage.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.plainlanguage.gov</a>)</p>
</li>
<li><p>On Writing: A Memoir of The Craft by Stephen King (with audiobook) Style: Toward Clarity and Grace by Joseph M. Williams 另外，还有一个TTC (The Teaching Company)的视频教程，是我所见过最好的写作课程：</p>
</li>
<li>Building Great Sentences。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="秘密武器–-复述"><a href="#秘密武器–-复述" class="headerlink" title="秘密武器– 复述"></a>秘密武器– 复述</h1><p>这还真的并不是那么”显而易见”的事实。ETS在设计并举办TOEFL考试几十年之后才”恍然大悟”地在新托福考试中大面积添加了”复述能力”的考 量：TOEFL作文部分中有综合测试，要求考生先读一篇文章，然后再听一篇与刚刚读过的文章相关的讲座，而后复述讲座内容以及讲座内容是如何与阅读文章内 容相联系的；口语部分中有先听再说，先读再说，听与读之后再说—-无一不是在考量考生的”复述能力”。</p>
<h1 id="模式识别（pattern-recognition-朗读"><a href="#模式识别（pattern-recognition-朗读" class="headerlink" title="模式识别（pattern recognition) 朗读"></a>模式识别（pattern recognition) 朗读</h1><p>模式识别可以在不知不觉中运用正确的词汇，通过肢体表情等等。</p>
<h2 id="语音"><a href="#语音" class="headerlink" title="语音"></a>语音</h2><ol>
<li>发音很重要，但显然不是最重要的</li>
<li>我们完全有能力大幅度改善发音</li>
<li>最大的障碍：害怕被嘲弄</li>
<li>多听多听再多听，去听正常的语速资料不需要听得懂，只需要有语言刺激就可以了，大概半年时间。<br><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/audio/radio/radio.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cnn radio</a><br>正如之前所提到的那样，至少要坚持六个月，我个人建议每天的输入时间不要低于四个小时——只要开始做，就会发现其实并不难，因为“哪怕听不懂都无所谓”。听得多了，听得久了，早晚有一天想听不懂都不太容易。当然，即便是最初的时候，为了效果更佳，可以有意识地渐渐提高文本难度，并且最好配合精读。这期间几乎所有的人都会感觉没什么进步，但是，这种“感觉”是不靠谱的——事实上，我们的感觉几乎总是极不靠谱。看看下面的两条直线哪个更长？</li>
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                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
  </script>





  

  

  

  
  

  

  

  

</body>
</html>
